Overcoming Adderall Addiction
Key Takeaways
- Adderall is the brand name for a prescription drug containing amphetamine and dextroamphetamine
- Adderall is used to manage symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy
- As a central nervous system stimulant, Adderall works by increasing the levels of neurotransmitters, like dopamine and norepinephrine, in the brain. 1
- Adderall is a Schedule II drug, meaning that it has a high misuse potential and carries risks of significant physical or psychological dependence. 4
- Dependence on Adderall can occur with long-term treatment at therapeutic doses, without misuse or addiction
- People may misuse Adderall by taking it not as prescribed or recreationally for the purposes of achieving euphoric effects. This can lead to addiction
- Students, young professionals, athletes and people living with eating disorders are groups that frequently develop addiction to Adderall, as they misuse it for its mood-enhancing, concentration-boosting or appetite-suppressing effects. 5
- Some people can experience significant side effects from Adderall, such as depression, suicidal thoughts and hallucinations. In people with heart issues, use of Adderall can lead to heart attacks, stroke or sudden death
- It is possible to overdose on Adderall, particularly in cases of misuse. Overdoses are medical emergencies that can cause changes in breathing and heart rate and loss of consciousness. 1,2
- Taking Adderall with other substances, like alcohol or cocaine, can increase overdose risks and precipitate unpredictable and potentially fatal effects. 9,10
- Adderall addiction is typically managed with detoxification, also known as detox, behavioural therapies, like cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), and enhanced social support6,7
Table of Contents
What Is Adderall?
Adderall is a brand-name prescription drug that contains amphetamine and dextroamphetamine. It has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy.1
As a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant, Adderall works by increasing the levels of certain chemical messengers, also known as neurotransmitters, in the brain. By raising the levels of neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine, Adderall can help manage symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity in children and adults living with ADHD. For those living with narcolepsy, Adderall can promote alertness and wakefulness.1,2
Adderall is available in immediate or extended-release forms. Extended-release capsules are known by brand names such as Adderall XR and Mydayis, and have longer-lasting effects than Adderall immediate-release tablets.2
Some people may not be prescribed Adderall, or it may be used with caution in certain patients. Treatment with Adderall can increase risks of negative effects in people with a history of substance dependence, high blood pressure, heart disease or mental health conditions. Due to risks of complications, Adderall is not prescribed for pregnant women.1
Amphetamines are Class B drugs in the UK, meaning that it is illegal to possess these substances unless they are prescribed for medical use.3 The United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) classifies Adderall as a Schedule II drug. This reflects its high potential for misuse and potential for significant physical or psychological dependence.4
Is Adderall Addictive?
Yes. Adderall has a high potential for misuse and dependence.4
Adderall dependence typically occurs with prescription use if it is used as a long-term treatment. Dependence can arise without misuse or addiction, at therapeutic doses.
Misuse, on the other hand, describes a person taking Adderall not as prescribed or recreationally for the purposes of achieving euphoric effects, also known as a ‘high’.5 Misuse can lead to addiction, which is characterised by a loss of control over Adderall use, physical dependence, risky use and social issues.6
Adderall misuse is common among college students and young professionals, who take the drug to enhance their concentration and improve their academic or work performance. People living with eating disorders may also misuse Adderall as it suppresses appetite and increases energy levels. Athletes are another group that commonly misuse Adderall, to enhance their athletic abilities. The International Olympic Committee banned the use of amphetamines, like Adderall, in 1968.5,7
People who misuse Adderall may crush pills and snort or smoke the drug to achieve more immediate effects.7
The Effects of Adderall
Use of adderall can produce an array of effects, even at therapeutic doses. Some of these effects may include:7
- Feelings of intense happiness or wellbeing (i.e., euphoria)
- Increased alertness and responsiveness
- Increased focus
- Enhanced muscle strength
- Resistance against fatigue
People living with ADHD are deficient in neurotransmitters needed for motivation and focus, i.e., dopamine and norepinephrine. By boosting the levels of these neurotransmitters in the brain, Adderall can help to redress the balance and improve ADHD symptoms.
In people without ADHD, with normal levels of these neurotransmitters, taking Adderall can flood the brain of these chemicals, producing the effects listed above and potentially significant side effects.8
Adderall Side Effects
Common side effects of Adderall include anxiety, nausea, insomnia, lack of appetite, constipation and weight loss.1,2
In some cases, side effects can be severe and require medical intervention.
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Examples of severe side effects include:
- Allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis
- Mood changes, including depression and suicidal thoughts
- Confusion
- Hallucinations (i.e., seeing or hearing things that aren’t there)
- Seizures and other uncontrollable movements
In people with heart defects or significant heart problems, use of Adderall can lead to stroke, heart attacks or sudden death.2
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Adderall Overdose
It’s possible to overdose on Adderall, particularly if someone is using it not as prescribed or without a prescription.1
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Signs and symptoms of an Adderall overdose can include:
- Increased breathing rate
- Irregular or rapid heart rate
- Fever
- Restlessness
- Dizziness
- Shaking
- Blurred vision
- Muscle weakness
- Confusion
- Panic
- Seizures
- Loss of consciousness (i.e., coma)
Overdoses are medical emergencies. If you recognise the signs and symptoms listed above or are suspicious of overdose, it is important to seek help immediately by calling 999.
Adderall Addiction
It’s important to note the difference between Adderall dependence and addiction.
While those prescribed Adderall may eventually become dependent on it for daily functioning, this does not necessarily mean that they’re addicted.
Often, addiction occurs among those who have never been prescribed Adderall in the first place. In these cases, Adderall is typically acquired without a prescription and used illicitly for its mood-enhancing, concentration-boosting, or appetite-suppressing effects.
Due to the habit-forming nature of Adderall, recreational misuse can lead to addiction.5
Diagnosing Adderall Addiction
The presence of two or more signs or symptoms from the DSM-5 criteria indicates the presence of a substance use disorder. The DSM-5 recognises SUDs arising from use of different substance classes, including stimulants like Adderall. In such cases, the disorder would be referred to as a stimulant use disorder.6
Signs and symptoms of a stimulant use disorder resulting from Adderall misuse include:6
- Taking higher doses of Adderall or taking it for longer than intended or prescribed
- Inability to reduce or stop Adderall use
- Investing significant amounts of time in obtaining, using or recovering from Adderall
- Withdrawing from important work, social or hobby activities due to Adderall use
- Inability to manage usual work, home or school responsibilities due to Adderall use
- Continuing to use Adderall despite relationship issues
- Continuing use despite health issues that may have been caused or exacerbated by Adderall use
- Repeated use of Adderall despite risks or dangers
- Experiencing Adderall cravings
- Development of tolerance, i.e., requiring higher amounts of Adderall to achieve desired effects
- Experiencing withdrawal effects that are alleviated by further use of Adderall
Some people who are taking prescribed Adderall long-term can experience tolerance and withdrawal effects when use is reduced or stopped. This is not diagnostic of a substance use disorder, but can be managed by careful tapering of doses at the end of treatment.5,6
Polysubstance Use
Polysubstance use is a term used to describe the use of two or more substances at, or around, the same time. This can be intentional or unintentional. Combining Adderall with other drugs can be highly dangerous and even fatal.
Some people may combine Adderall with other stimulants, depressants or both.9
Combining Adderall With Stimulants
Stimulants, like Adderall, can raise a person’s blood pressure and heart rate to hazardous levels. Some people may use Adderall alongside other stimulants, like cocaine or ecstasy (MDMA), to further enhance its effects or experience the effects of both drugs. This can be extremely risky as it increases the risk of significant side effects or overdose.9
Combining Adderall With Depressants
Alternatively, some people may combine Adderall with depressants or sedatives to counteract its effects.
The use of Adderall alongside depressants, like opioids, benzodiazepines or alcohol, can be dangerous.
Taking Adderall whilst consuming alcohol can mask the effects of either substance, making it easier to overdose. In small doses, alcohol can act as a stimulant, so combination with Adderall can prolong these stimulating effects.
The effects of combining central nervous system stimulants, like Adderall, with depressants, like alcohol, can be unpredictable but may include alcohol poisoning or organ damage. Alcohol poisoning is a serious condition involving extremely high levels of blood alcohol that can be life-threatening.9,10
More on alcohol addiction
Treatment for Adderall Addiction
If you are concerned that you or a loved one may be suffering from Adderall addiction, a crucial first step is reaching out for help. Seeking professional treatment can provide the expert care and support needed to overcome addiction and reclaim a healthier life in sobriety.5
Treatment for Adderall addiction can occur in inpatient or outpatient settings. Some patients may also receive day treatment at hospital as part of an outpatient treatment programme.
There is no one-size-fits-all approach for treating Adderall addiction. However, there are various options available that can be helpful in managing this condition and promoting successful recovery.6
There are no FDA-approved medications for managing Adderall addiction. Typically, treatment will involve detoxification, also known as detox, and behavioural therapies.7,11
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Adderall Detox
A medically-supervised detox can be an important first step in the treatment process.
Gradually tapering doses of Adderall can be helpful in mitigating uncomfortable withdrawal effects, like anxiety, depression and irritability. Healthcare professionals can also monitor for changes in breathing, heart rate and blood pressure and can provide any necessary interventions during the process.
Detox can occur in outpatient settings, however, inpatient settings like hospitals or specialist treatment centres, may be preferred, particularly if withdrawal effects are severe.
In some cases, a person’s depression can be so severe that they are at risk of suicide. In these cases, an inpatient setting can provide additional security and comfort for patients and their loved ones.7,11 -
Behavioural Therapies
Participating in one or more behavioural therapies can be both necessary and beneficial for people suffering from substance use disorders, like Adderall addiction.
Approaches like cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) can help people to recognise unhelpful thoughts and their links to unhealthy behaviours. By revising thought patterns, emotional responses and behaviours, positive changes can be made.
Motivational approaches, like contingency management (CM) and motivational interviewing, can be helpful in encouraging positive behaviour changes in those suffering from Adderall addiction.
Typically, detoxification and behavioural therapy is required to effectively manage disorders like Adderall addiction. Without ongoing support, detoxification on its own is less likely to be effective.7
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Social Support
Social support can also be incredibly important for promoting and maintaining recovery from addiction. Trusted friends and family members and support groups can deliver encouragement, guidance and accountability for patients.6
For example, Narcotics Anonymous is a free, community-based service that provides 12-Step programmes to foster long-term recovery from substance use disorders, like Adderall addiction.12
Relapses can be common during recovery, however, with adequate support and aftercare, these can be managed effectively. Sustained sobriety is possible.7
Free Addiction Assessment
Residential Rehabilitation at Castle Craig
At Castle Craig, we understand the challenges that Adderall addiction can present to individuals and their loved ones.
On admission to Castle Craig, our Consultant Psychiatrist will conduct a thorough medical assessment and develop an individualised recovery plan according to your therapeutic needs and unique requirements.
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Medically-Managed Detox
At Castle Craig, we provide a medically-managed detox at our specialist detox facility. Our team of specialists will support and guide you through the detox process as the dose of Adderall is carefully and gradually reduced over time. Residential nursing staff provide 24/7 medical supervision and compassionate care to promote safety and comfort during detox.
In the case of difficult amphetamine withdrawal symptoms, medications may be used to help ease any discomfort experienced.
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Personalised Treatment Plans
Our residential treatment programmes are grounded in the 12-Step model of addiction and focus on delivering holistic care to each patient through a variety of evidence-based approaches. We have an experienced and dedicated clinical team who are committed to providing individualised care to patients and their families.
Residential rehabilitation takes place within our specialist treatment facility, which is set in the peaceful surroundings of the Scottish countryside. As an inpatient, you will reside at Castle Craig for the duration of your inpatient treatment programme, usually for around 4–12 weeks.
Our in-depth addiction treatment model includes a variety of modalities:
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- Individual and group therapy sessions
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- Psychoeducation and relapse prevention planning
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- Complementary therapies such as acupuncture and mindfulness meditation
The integrated and intensive addiction treatment programme at Castle Craig has been carefully designed to not only treat the symptoms of adderall addiction; but to address the root causes that led to addiction in the first place.
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Comprehensive Treatment for Co-Occurring Disorders
At Castle Craig, we recognise addiction as a chronic brain disease. With over 35 years’ experience in addiction treatment, we understand the link between addiction and mental health conditions.
People who misuse Adderall often suffer from other co-occurring mental health conditions, such as eating disorders, anxiety and depression. This is known as a co-occurring disorder, or dual diagnosis. Castle Craig provides specialised dual diagnosis treatment to help you thoroughly and sustainably recover from both conditions.
Throughout treatment, you’re provided with nourishing meals, therapeutic exercise, holistic healing therapies and other supportive daily habits that lay a foundation for a well-balanced life when you return home.
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24-Week Aftercare Plan
Before you graduate from our inpatient treatment programme, you’ll receive a personalised, two-year aftercare plan designed to help you prevent relapse, secure support systems and prepare yourself to meet future challenges.
If you’ve been struggling with Adderall addiction, you’re not alone.
With the right environment and support, you can move beyond addiction.
Contact us to learn more about how we can help you in your unique journey to recovery from Adderall addiction.
Call 01721 546 263 today.
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References
- Ohwovoriole T, Gans S. What To Know About Generic Adderall (Dextroamphetamine-Amphetamine): A combination drug used to treat ADHD and narcolepsy).
- MedlinePlus. Dextroamphetamine and Amphetamine.
- GOV.UK. Drugs penalties.
- United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). Drug Scheduling.
- Ohwovoriole T, Gans S. What to Know About Adderall Addiction.
- Hartney E, Gans S. DSM 5 Criteria for Substance Use Disorders: How substance use disorders are diagnosed.
- Moawad H, Gans S. What Is Adderall Addiction? How to Spot the Signs and Find Treatment.
- Pagán C, Blackmer N. Does Adderall Work If You Don’t Have ADHD?
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Polysubstance Use Facts.
- Huizen J, Aremu F. Adderall and alcohol: What you need to know.
- De Pietro MA, Peckham A. Adderall addiction: Signs, causes, and treatment.
- Gupta S, Umhau JC. What Are the 12 Steps of Narcotics Anonymous (NA)?
- Scottish Government. Residential rehabilitation: literature review.
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