Is MDMA Addictive?
Table of Contents
Key Takeaways
- Ecstasy, or MDMA, is an illicit, Class A drug which produces effects similar to stimulants and hallucinogens. 2,5
- There are a variety of street names for ecstasy, including Molly, E and XTC2
- Ecstasy is a psychoactive drug which increases levels of chemical messengers, like serotonin and dopamine, in the brain, making you feel happy and energised
- Ecstasy is available as colourful pills with imprinted logos, powder, crystal or liquid
- The most common way of taking ecstasy is by swallowing ecstasy pills but it can also be snorted, smoked, injected or used rectally
- The contents of products sold as ecstasy can vary significantly as it is a synthetic drug manufactured from different chemicals. In some cases, drugs sold as ecstasy contain little or no MDMA, but are made up of other dangerous drugs like ketamine or heroin. 1–3
- Adverse reactions and overdoses of ecstasy result in dangerous symptoms like overheating, confusion and seizures. These are medical emergencies that require immediate medical intervention. 8,10
- Repeated ecstasy misuse and use with other substances like alcohol and medications (known as polydrug use) can lead to significant health issues. 1,3
- Although there are no specific approved treatments for ecstasy addiction, behavioural therapies like cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), support groups and 12-step recovery programmes can provide effective support. 2,10
What is Ecstasy?
Ecstasy is a common name for MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine). MDMA is a synthetic drug, meaning that it is produced in labs from different chemicals. The ingredients of ecstasy can vary significantly. In fact, some drugs sold as ecstasy have little or no MDMA in them but instead contain other dangerous substances like heroin or ketamine.1,2
MDMA is also known by various other street names, including:2–4
- Molly
- X
- XTC
- Adam
- E
- Eckies
- Lover’s speed
- Biscuit
Ecstasy is an illicit, Class A drug in the UK. Prison sentences and/or fines are issued for possession, supply and production of this drug.5
Illicit ecstasy is often sold in pill form as colourful tablets or capsules with imprinted logos. It can also be found in powder, crystal or liquid form. People most commonly consume ecstasy by swallowing ecstasy pills but it can also be snorted, smoked, injected or used rectally.
Ecstasy produces similar effects to hallucinogens and stimulants. It works by influencing chemical messengers in the brain called neurotransmitters. By increasing the levels of dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine, MDMA brings about changes in mood and energy levels. It can lead to someone feeling energised due to higher dopamine levels and happy due to increases in serotonin. Its effects on norepinephrine can precipitate increases in heart rate and blood pressure.1–3
The Effects of Ecstasy
MDMA is a psychoactive drug with the ability to alter a person’s mental state. It can increase feelings of social acceptance and connection and boost empathy towards others.3
People who have taken a single dose of ecstasy can experience its effects within around 45 minutes. These effects often peak within 15–30 minutes after use and last for approximately three hours.1
Some of the short-term effects of ecstasy can include:1,3
- Feelings of euphoria or intense happiness
- Feeling energetic and alert
- Feeling connected to those around you
- Heightened senses (e.g., hearing, sight and touch)
- Dilated pupils
- Increased heart rate and/or blood pressure
- Dehydration
- Sweating
- Teeth grinding and/or jaw clenching
- Extreme water consumption – this can be dangerous and have fatal consequences
For those who have taken larger quantities of MDMA, more significant effects can occur, including:3
- Hallucinations (i.e., false sensory perceptions)
- Anxiety
- Irritability
- Paranoia
- Aggressive and/or irrational behaviours
- Fever
- Vomiting
- Seizures
The effects of ecstasy can also vary depending on factors such as:
- General health, size and weight of the person using it
- History of ecstasy use
- Concurrent substance use (i.e., taking other drugs alongside ecstasy)
- The strength of the ecstasy – this can vary between batches
- The environment where ecstasy was taken
It is important to note that using MDMA in combination with other substances, like alcohol and illicit or prescribed medications, can produce profoundly negative health effects.3
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Is Ecstasy Addictive?
Research indicates that ecstasy is potentially addictive, however further studies in this area are needed. Some people have reported persistent use of MDMA despite negative consequences, a need to take higher amounts to achieve desired effects (i.e., tolerance), cravings and withdrawal symptoms when use is reduced or stopped. These are all hallmark symptoms of a substance use disorder or addiction.1,6
Addiction is a complex disease marked by changes in brain function which can alter self-control, stress and reward processing. Each person’s susceptibility to addiction can vary depending on a multitude of factors relating to the individual and the drug used.
Risk factors which increase the risk of drug addiction include biological, environmental and drug-related factors, such as:
- Genetic predisposition
- Age (teenagers)
- Mental health condition(s)
- Local poverty
- Drugs available at school
- Early use of drugs
- Low or no parental supervision
- Inability to resist peer pressure
- Smoking or injecting substances
No single risk factor is predictive of addiction but overall, the more risk factors a person has, the higher the risk of developing substance misuse and addiction.7
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Signs and Symptoms of Ecstasy Addiction
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) is a widely used text used to diagnose substance addictions, also known as substance use disorders (SUDs). It provides criteria for identifying behaviours and experiences resulting from drug misuse and addiction.
The DSM-5 recognises substance use disorders resulting from the use of hallucinogens, stimulants and other drug classes. The presence of two or more of the symptoms below is indicative of a SUD related to ecstasy misuse:
- Deciding to reduce or stop ecstasy use but inability to do so
- Using more ecstasy or for more extended periods than you planned
- Investing significant periods of time in procuring, using or recovering from ecstasy use
- Experiencing ecstasy cravings
- Withdrawing from important work, social or hobby activities due to ecstasy use
- Continued use of ecstasy despite relationship issues
- Continued use despite health issues that may be caused or exacerbated by ecstasy use
- Continued use of ecstasy despite potential risks or dangers
- Inability to manage usual responsibilities at home, work or school due to ecstasy use
- Development of tolerance, whereby higher doses of ecstasy are required to achieve desired effects
- Development of withdrawal effects upon reduction or cessation of ecstasy use, which can be alleviated by taking more ecstasy
These criteria describe the lack of control, physical dependence, risky use and social issues that can arise from ecstasy addiction.6 If you recognise these symptoms in yourself or a loved one, an important first step is reaching out for help. Effective treatments are available and recovery from ecstasy addiction is possible.
Risks of Ecstasy Misuse
Misuse of ecstasy can precipitate overheating (also known as hyperpyrexia) and dehydration, particularly when it is taken in warm environments, like clubs. It is vital to take breaks and maintain adequate levels of hydration, however, you should avoid drinking too much water, as this also carries health risks.
The effects of ecstasy can vary but are linked to the amount and purity of MDMA and where and how it is used. The use of ecstasy along with other substances, such as alcohol or prescription medications, can have harmful effects, so concurrent use of these substances is not recommended. Drugs sold as ecstasy, or MDMA, can contain unexpected and potentially dangerous ingredients, like ketamine and methamphetamine (crystal meth). These can precipitate detrimental health effects.1,8
Adverse reactions to ecstasy, or MDMA, can occur and should be recognised as a medical emergency. Contact emergency services immediately if you or someone around you is experiencing:8
- Overheating
- Confusion and/or disorientation
- Agitation
- Seizures
- Rigidity
Repeated or longer-term use of ecstasy can lead to several health issues, including:1
- Heart problems
- Liver damage
- Sleep disturbances
- Poor appetite
- Attention and/or memory problems
- Anxiety
- Depression
- Confusion
- Paranoia
The number of people who die from ecstasy is low compared to other substances such as opiates (e.g., heroin) or cocaine. However, several people in the UK die from issues related to ecstasy or ecstasy-type drugs every year.9
However, Ecstasy Addiction is Treatable
The first step in finding freedom is to seek specialist help, support and treatment that works for you.
Withdrawing From Ecstasy
People who have been using MDMA repeatedly and/or over extended periods may experience withdrawal symptoms when use is reduced or stopped. Withdrawal symptoms can include cravings, difficulty concentrating, agitation and fatigue.2,3
Ecstasy Overdose
Overdoses of ecstasy can be life-threatening. Signs and symptoms of overdose include:
- Severe anxiety
- Panic attacks
- Fainting
- High blood pressure
- Seizures
Hyperpyrexia is a dangerous rise in body temperature that can also occur following the use of MDMA, particularly in warm environments or with vigorous exercise. These significant adverse effects represent a medical emergency. Call 999 or go to A&E immediately to receive professional support.8,10
MDMA Addiction Treatment
There are currently no specific treatments or FDA-approved medications for ecstasy addiction. However, there are some helpful approaches which can be effective in managing this condition, including:2,10
- Behavioural therapies, like cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)
- Social support from friends and/or family members
- Support groups
- 12-step recovery programmes
Untreated ecstasy abuse and addiction may lead to long-term problems affecting your family and social relationships, ability to carry out day-to-day activities, work performance and general health.6
Some people who abuse ecstasy also use other illicit or legal substances, such as alcohol or medications. This is known as polydrug use.3 A study on polydrug use among college students found that ecstasy users were significantly more likely to have used cocaine, inhalants, LSD and heroin, compared with cannabis (marijuana) users. It is important to identify patterns of polydrug use, as this can inform treatment choices.11
How Can Castle Craig Help?
Addiction Rehabilitation at Castle Craig
Castle Craig offers a world-renowned service for addiction and treats an array of substance use disorders, including ecstasy addiction. At Castle Craig, our detox is medically supervised and ensures patient care and comfort at all times. Our primary focus is promoting safety and comfort during detox, helping each patient to feel at ease with 24/7 healthcare support.
Our treatment is evidence-based and our independent outcomes studies show that our treatment works for the majority of patients. 91.8% of our 2015 cohort, who were experiencing alcohol, drug or gambling addictions, exhibited improvements at follow-up. 73.4% maintained abstinence at approximately 1-year post-discharge.12
Each personalised treatment plan is grounded in the 12 Step model of addiction which is evidence-based and encompasses an array of therapies tailored to each patient.
Alongside a supervised medical detox and an individualised treatment plan, Castle Craig works to address emotional and psychological issues that may have contributed to ecstasy misuse. Getting to the route of ecstasy addiction is important in promoting long-lasting recovery.
Start Your Journey to Recovery
Ecstasy addiction can be all-consuming and so it can be challenging to imagine a life free from addiction. A crucial first step is recognising that you may be struggling with addiction and that you’re willing to accept professional help.
Castle Craig has successfully treated addiction for over 30 years. Our team goes above and beyond to provide comprehensive, personalised care to every patient throughout their stay. We focus on the person, rather than the addiction.
We are committed to providing aftercare long after the residential stay is over, with a 6-month aftercare plan set up with your specific needs and requirements in mind.
If you think you may be suffering from ecstasy addiction and are ready to seek help, please don’t hesitate to contact us today to find out more about the treatment options available to you.
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References
- National Institute on Drug Misuse. MDMA (Ecstasy/Molly).
- Olenick C, Nazario B. What Is Ecstasy?
- Alcohol and Drug Foundation. MDMA.
- United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). Ecstasy Or MDMA (also Known As Molly).
- GOV.UK. Drugs penalties.
- Hartney E, Gans S. DSM 5 Criteria for Substance Use Disorders: How substance use disorders are diagnosed.
- National Institute on Drug Misuse. Drugs, Brains, and Behavior: The Science of Addiction.
- NHS inform. MDMA (Ecstasy).
- Office for National Statistics. Deaths related to drug poisoning in England and Wales: 2022 registrations.
- Hartney E, Susman D. What Is MDMA (Ecstasy or Molly)?
- Wish ED, et al. Evidence for Significant Polydrug Use Among Ecstasy-Using College Students. Journal of American College Health. 2006;55(2): 99–104. doi:
- Barnes, O. A Review of Evidence Supporting Castle Craig’s Treatment Programme. The Castle Craig Pamphlet Series. 2016:1–24.
- Scottish Government. Residential rehabilitation: literature review.
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